This typically involves: Intrinsic factor antibodies (highly specific for pernicious anaemia, though sensitivity is only 50%) [12] [28] Gastric parietal cell antibodies (more sensitive but less specific) Coeliac serology if malabsorption is suspected Consideration of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in selected cases, particularly with autoimmune gastritis/pernicious anaemia NICE guidance emphasises that treatment should not be delayed whilst awaiting antibody results if clinical features strongly suggest deficiency, as irreversible neurological damage can occur
Using a serum B12 test in a patient on B12 injections to confirm B12 levels are replete is incorrect, but it happens
For broader tissue research, anti-aging biomarker research, or research questions requiring systemic distribution, injectable GHK-Cu dosage is more appropriate
This blog breaks down everything you need to know before you
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the support of Zoetis in the ideation of this study
But the process of erythropoiesis is dependent on three nutrients: B12, folate, and iron